Contemporary Fatwas on Online Marketplaces in Malaysia A Shariah-Compliant Response to Digital Transactions

Abstract

The exponential growth of e-commerce in Malaysia has prompted significant discourse on the integration of Islamic legal principles within digital marketplaces. This study critically examines contemporary fatwas issued by Malaysian religious authorities, including the National Fatwa Council and the Shariah Advisory Council, in response to emerging digital transaction models such as pre-orders, Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) schemes, and e-wallet usage. Employing a qualitative methodology grounded in document analysis and case studies, the research investigates how classical muamalah principles—particularly the prohibition of riba (usury), gharar (excessive uncertainty), and maisir (gambling), as well as the requirement of taradhin (mutual consent)—are contextualized within modern commercial environments. Findings reveal that these fatwas serve as both doctrinal references and regulatory tools that uphold the ethical integrity of online transactions while addressing critical consumer rights and business responsibilities. This study contributes to the theoretical expansion of Islamic commercial jurisprudence by bridging classical fiqh with digital financial innovation. Its specific contribution lies in constructing a normative-practical framework for Shariah-compliant e-commerce, offering guidance not only for Malaysian stakeholders but also for Muslim-majority and minority contexts globally. The research underscores the importance of harmonizing Shariah standards, enhancing Islamic financial literacy, and institutionalizing halal assurance mechanisms in the digital economy.